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Ceodes brunoniana

(Endl.) Skottsb. (1926)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-CoreEudicot Order: Caryophyllales Family: Nyctaginaceae Genus: Ceodes

pāpala [papala], pāpala kēpau [papala kepau]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Large shrubs or trees up to 6 m tall.

Stems: Branchlets somewhat quadrangular, glabrous or nearly so, stems with only moderate tendency toward condensation of terminal internodes into aggregate nodes, these usually not enlarged, distal internodes on normal twigs not usually conspicuously shortened back of aggregate nodes.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Usually opposite or occasionally ternate or in pseudowhorls. Blades broadly elliptic to elliptic–ovate or obovate, up to at least 20 cm long and 10 cm wide (but usually smaller on herbarium specimens as the larger leaves well below the inflorescences are seldom collected). Apex usually obtuse. Base abruptly narrowed at base to slender petioles. Margins entire to sinuate. Main lateral veins 6–12 pairs, not conspicuous, tertiary and higher order venation usually obscure. Petioles 1–4 cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in semi–open cymes, becoming larger and very open in fruit, borne in upper axils and terminally, forming broad, rounded, many–flowered panicles, pedicels 5–15 mm long at anthesis, elongating in fruit, with tiny ovate bractlets at articulations in bud, these soon caducous. Flowers usually bisexual (perfect), moderately fragrant. Perianth whitish to greenish or bronze–colored, 7–8 mm long, tube 5– ribbed, usually sparsely tomentulose, weakly constricted above, limb expanded, funnelform to slightly campanulate, conspicuously plicate below centers of lobes, very shallowly lobed, lobes not or scarcely spreading, rounded or emarginate. Corolla (petals) absent. Stamens 6–12, usually ca. 8; filaments slightly connate at base, in 2 indistinct series, longer series subequal with perianth to slightly but definitely exserted, shorter series with anthers barely to clearly visible in perianth throat; anthers orbicular, occasionally sterile(?), with fertile ones in different flowers, but of same inflorescence. Ovary superior. Carpel usually shorter than perianth, but stigma may be rarely somewhat exserted, subcapitate; stigmatic surface somewhat oblique, spongy, papillate, papillae sometimes elongating into minute short hairs.

Fruit: Anthocarps linear–fusiform; 2.5–3(–3.5) cm long; usually broadest at base and tapering to the narrowest point below lobes; apical portion mostly fertile; not gradually tapering to a rostrum; prominently 5–ribbed or 5–keeled; ribs very sticky and usually; but not always; glandular papillate; 1–3 secondary ribs in the furrows; each main rib terminating in a shoulder-like prominence below a lobe; the lobes in maturity forming a subapical; undulate; papillate ring; with a short cylindrical protuberance or collar arising to 1–2 mm from within the ring. Seeds 1 per fruit; closely enclosed by the thin ovary wall.

Ploidy: 2n = 136*

Habitat: Dry to mesic areas; rarely in wet areas.

Elevation Range: 425–1,220(–1,525) m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Indigenous

Island Status

Kaua'i Indigenous
O'ahu Indigenous
Molokai Indigenous
Lana'i Indigenous
Maui Indigenous
Hawai'i Indigenous

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 231 (1926)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:984 (O, Mo, L, M, H [as Pisonia brunoniana]); Rossetto et al. 2020:128 (Syn. P. brunoniana = C. brunoniana)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Ceodes brunoniana Mauka of Capt. Cook, Kona forested pasture Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20246 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-16
2 Ceodes brunoniana Kona, Kikiaeae Koa grassland Preserved_Specimen Christ, J.H. Hawaii BISH 1958-05-16
3 Ceodes brunoniana N. Kona District: Puuwaawaa Ahu., Tr 47(55/56); n slope of Hualalai on Puuwaawaa Mesic native tree community with scattered exotic trees and exotic grass-shrub u/s. Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1177 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-09
4 Ceodes brunoniana Pohakea weed covered banks, above dry streambed Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. Oahu BISH 1984-05-01
5 Ceodes brunoniana Kalopa Psychotria - dominant forest Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2241 Hawaii BISH 1985-05-01
6 Ceodes brunoniana Keaau Makua FR, Waianae Mts., Piko trail moist, wooded Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12253 Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
7 Ceodes brunoniana S Haleakala, 8 mi E of Ulupalakua Dry forest on lava. Preserved_Specimen Little Jr., E.L. 31134 Maui BISH 1976-08-26
8 Ceodes brunoniana Haw. Nat. Park, Bird Park open woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11272 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-22
9 Ceodes brunoniana Kupaia Gulch, Kamakou Dodonaea Preserved_Specimen Imada, C. 102 Molokai BISH 1985-09-24
10 Ceodes brunoniana In Kipuka Pualu, W. end of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park In somewhat altered forest, consisting of Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Myrsine lessertiana, Straussia, Pelea, Pipturus, etc. Preserved_Specimen Carlquist, S. 2056 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-24
11 Ceodes brunoniana Puuwaawaa cone; border of Nestegis stand, 130 deg. leg of transect T9 common species in second layer canopy Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 5827 Hawaii BISH 1989-05-01
12 Ceodes brunoniana Haili Gulch wooded Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1331 Oahu BISH 1936-02-02
13 Ceodes brunoniana Waianae Kai FR, 1st gulch from trailhead under kukui Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 102 Oahu BISH 1984-04-22
14 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, S Haleakala, Auwahi dry open forest, on aa lava Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 42033 Maui BISH 1961-09-03
15 Ceodes brunoniana Waiehu land shelf; central part Near base of talus slope at bottom oif main cliff. Disturbed lowland mesic forest. Native spp.: Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Pandanus tectorius. Naturalized spp.: Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline terminalis, Syzygium malaccense. Preserved_Specimen Price, J.P. 54 Molokai BISH 2001-07-10
16 Ceodes brunoniana Kau District: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Along trail through Kipuka Puaulu Wet forest Preserved_Specimen Lammers, T.G. 5405 Hawaii BISH 1983-09-02
17 Ceodes brunoniana Kamaileunu ridge, base guava, kukui Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2120 Oahu BISH 1985-03-31
18 Ceodes brunoniana Piko trail, head of Kapuna Valley, Waianae Mts., Mokuleia moist gully Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 13030 Oahu BISH 1936-04-11
19 Ceodes brunoniana Kamaileunu ridge, base guava, kukui Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2120 Oahu BISH 1985-03-31
20 Ceodes brunoniana Puu Hapapa gully, dry streambed Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2517 Oahu BISH 1985-10-13
21 Ceodes brunoniana Honaunau Forest Reserve In rain forest between the north and south jeep trails in the reserve. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2135 Hawaii BISH 1971-09-15
22 Ceodes brunoniana Puu Hapapa gully, dry streambed Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2517 Oahu BISH 1985-10-13
23 Ceodes brunoniana Wright Road, Olaa Forest Reserve, Puna District Virgin Cibotium & Metrosideros forest. Grove of 8-10 trees, local. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25065 Hawaii BISH 1953-01-29
24 Ceodes brunoniana Waianae Mts., Honouliuli, Puu Kanehoa rocky streambed Preserved_Specimen Webster, G.L. 1651 Oahu BISH 1948-06-13
25 Ceodes brunoniana S. Kona, Honaunau Forest, near Kealakekua ranch, Growing in large planting of Fraxinus uhdei. Preserved_Specimen Clarke, G. 80.317 Hawaii BISH 1980-03-31
26 Ceodes brunoniana Keaau Makua FR, Waianae Mts., Piko trail moist, wooded Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12253 Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
27 Ceodes brunoniana ridge to Puu Kuua talus slope, with Nothocestrum Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 133 Oahu BISH 1984-07-15
28 Ceodes brunoniana Drive to Kipuka Puaulu located about 1.5 miles up the Mauna Loa Strip Road from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway. Plant was about halfway around Kipuka Puaulu Nature Trail on side trail leading to the Big Koa tree. (plot 62) Acacia - Sapindus - Microlepia community Preserved_Specimen Newell, C.L. 1035 Hawaii BISH 1967-06-28
29 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Hana District, Auwahi dry forest Preserved_Specimen Webster, G.L. 13898 Maui BISH 1968-06-25
30 Ceodes brunoniana Pahole NAR, Gulch 2. Ahupuaa of Aukuu. Northern Koolau mountains. Growing in mesic forest with Ceodes umbellifera, Aleurites moluccana, Microlepia setosa, Rivinia humilis, Sapindus oahuensis, Christella dentata, Pipturus albidus, and others. Preserved_Specimen Thomas, M.K. 1213 Oahu BISH 2025-05-23
31 Ceodes brunoniana Upper Onini Gulch Growing on edge of dry stream bed with Xylosma, Antidesma, Myrsine, Metrosideros, Euphorbia, Phyllanthus sandwicensis, and Osmanthus. Also present are Microlepia, Blechnum occidentale, Doodia kunthiana, and Dissochondrus biflorus. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 860 Molokai BISH 1982-05-28
32 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Hana District, Haleakala, Kaupo trail E side of stream on talus slope Preserved_Specimen Olson, G.E. 91 Maui BISH 1937-08-23
33 Ceodes brunoniana ridge to Puu Kuua talus slope, with Nothocestrum Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 133 Oahu BISH 1984-07-15
34 Ceodes brunoniana Waianae Kai Trail Diverse mesic forest Preserved_Specimen Annable, C.R. 3950 Oahu BISH 1999-03-21
35 Ceodes brunoniana Kuaokala Gulch kukui, Charpentiera tomentosa, Cyrtandra garnotiana, Hibiscus arnottianus, Chamaesyce multiformis Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 5313 Oahu BISH 1987-03-03
36 Ceodes brunoniana Bishop Museum Grounds full sun Preserved_Specimen Lau, J. 1884 Oahu BISH 1986-01-16
37 Ceodes brunoniana Puuwaawaa, near (just before) the fenced Hibiscadelphus Dry. Associated species: Kikuyu grass, Conyza, Gnaphalium, fountain grass. Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. 26 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-03
38 Ceodes brunoniana North Kona District, west slope of Puuwaawaa, near the summit Common in the small remnant of native forest in this area. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 5470 Hawaii BISH 1975-09-23
39 Ceodes brunoniana Makakupaia, S fork, Kaunakakai Gulch Melinis, Dodonaea, Coprosma, Psidium, Pleomele, Eupatorium Preserved_Specimen Lau, J. 1463 Molokai BISH 1985-09-25
40 Ceodes brunoniana Pahole Gulch; drainage #1 - releve 4 Native mesic forest with Diospyros; Metrosideros; Myrsine; Psychotria; Pittosporum; and Charpentiera. Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 493 Oahu BISH 1990-06-09
41 Ceodes brunoniana Puuwaawaa cone; border of Nestegis stand, 130 deg. leg of transect T9 common species in second layer canopy Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 5827 Hawaii BISH 1989-05-01
42 Ceodes brunoniana Haw. Nat. Park, Bird Park open woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11272 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-22
43 Ceodes brunoniana Puuwaawaa cone; border of Nestegis stand, 130 deg. leg of transect T9 common species in second layer canopy Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 5827 Hawaii BISH 1989-05-01
44 Ceodes brunoniana Keawapilau Gulch - releve 24 Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 626 Oahu BISH 1991-01-19
45 Ceodes brunoniana Waianae Kai FR, where trail begins ascending exotic forest Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 112 Oahu BISH 1984-04-22
46 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, E of Makawao woods Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 231 Maui BISH 1910-07-01
47 Ceodes brunoniana Pukoo Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 719 Molokai BISH 1910-06-01
48 Ceodes brunoniana Lanai Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Lanai BISH
49 Ceodes brunoniana Ekahanui gulch Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2050 Oahu BISH 1985-03-09
50 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Lauman Forest, S Haleakala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1933 Maui BISH 1920-03-11
51 Ceodes brunoniana S Haleakala, Manawainui Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1880 Maui BISH 1920-03-07
52 Ceodes brunoniana Puuwaawaa, Hind's ranch, slope of Hualalai Open forest Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. 294 Hawaii BISH 1926-12-01
53 Ceodes brunoniana Ekahanui Claoxylon sandwicense Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2051 Oahu BISH 1985-03-10
54 Ceodes brunoniana below Puu Kolekole, gully Preserved_Specimen Pratt, T.K. 96 Molokai BISH 1972-01-13
55 Ceodes brunoniana Ekahanui gulch Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2050 Oahu BISH 1985-03-09
56 Ceodes brunoniana Mountains E end Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 271 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
57 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Haleakala National Park, Kaupo Gap east of main trail across gulch Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1906 Maui BISH 1995-10-26
58 Ceodes brunoniana Volcanoes Nat'l Park, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6313 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-08
59 Ceodes brunoniana Halawa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 491 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
60 Ceodes brunoniana Peacock Flats, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 3079 Oahu BISH 1973-08-11
61 Ceodes brunoniana Volcanoes Nat'l Park, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6316 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-08
62 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Makawao Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8507 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
63 Ceodes brunoniana Peacock Flats, Mokuleia FR Preserved_Specimen Little Jr., E.L. 31026 Oahu BISH 1976-08-10
64 Ceodes brunoniana Kalae Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 70 Molokai BISH 1912-06-01
65 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Makawao Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 717 Maui BISH 1909-08-01
66 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Makawao Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8507 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
67 Ceodes brunoniana Halawa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 491 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
68 Ceodes brunoniana Volcanoes Nat'l Park, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6313 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-08
69 Ceodes brunoniana Auhi, Ulupalakua Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 380 Maui BISH 1915-02-12
70 Ceodes brunoniana Olinda, Waihou gulch below spring Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 835 Maui BISH 1980-06-19
71 Ceodes brunoniana Honokaa, Kohala, in region mauka of cane fields Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 9564 Hawaii BISH 1926-07-28
72 Ceodes brunoniana Kipuka Puaulu, near Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 534 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-16
73 Ceodes brunoniana Puaulu, Kilauea, Volcano Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10067 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
74 Ceodes brunoniana Ekahanui gulch Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2050 Oahu BISH 1985-03-09
75 Ceodes brunoniana Waianae Mts., below Palikea, gulch Preserved_Specimen Cowan, R.S. 627 Oahu BISH 1947-06-15
76 Ceodes brunoniana Auwahi Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 203 Maui BISH 1915-02-12
77 Ceodes brunoniana Auhi, Ulupalakua Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 380 Maui BISH 1915-02-12
78 Ceodes brunoniana Lanai Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 347 Lanai BISH 1864-01-01
79 Ceodes brunoniana Makaleha Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 17153 Oahu BISH 1918-04-01
80 Ceodes brunoniana Puuwaawaa, Kona Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 17 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
81 Ceodes brunoniana Hualalai to Greenwell Ranch Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 3013 Hawaii BISH 1973-05-04
82 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Hana District, Haleakala, Kaupo Gap Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1118 Maui BISH 1919-08-10
83 Ceodes brunoniana Puuwaawaa, Kona Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 17 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
84 Ceodes brunoniana Ekahanui gulch Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2050 Oahu BISH 1985-03-09
85 Ceodes brunoniana Puuwaawaa, N. Kona Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3717 Hawaii BISH 1909-06-15
86 Ceodes brunoniana N. Kona, North slope Hualalai, Poohohoo, locality No. 3 Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Hawaii BISH 1946-07-17
87 Ceodes brunoniana Puu a ulu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1024 Hawaii BISH 1915-07-01
88 Ceodes brunoniana Mountains E end Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 271 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
89 Ceodes brunoniana Parker Ranch, Nienie, Makahalau Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8308 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-01
90 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Hamakua Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Maui BISH
91 Ceodes brunoniana Manoa Falls trail, near falls Preserved_Specimen Kerr, M. Oahu BISH 1945-02-16
92 Ceodes brunoniana Onini Gulch Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Molokai BISH 1983-09-14
93 Ceodes brunoniana Kilauea, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. Hawaii BISH 1932-05-01
94 Ceodes brunoniana Onini Gulch Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Molokai BISH 1983-09-14
95 Ceodes brunoniana Lava tube region, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Morley, H. Hawaii BISH 1934-08-06
96 Ceodes brunoniana Kaaikukae-Waianae Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Oahu BISH 1929-10-01
97 Ceodes brunoniana Kilauea, Bird Park Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-06
98 Ceodes brunoniana Onini Gulch Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Molokai BISH 1983-09-14
99 Ceodes brunoniana Waimea Preserved_Specimen Krauss, N.L.H. Hawaii BISH 1944-04-26
100 Ceodes brunoniana Mauna Loa Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
101 Ceodes brunoniana Pohakea, summit divide Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. Oahu BISH 1984-05-01
102 Ceodes brunoniana Maunakapu, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Suehiro, A. Oahu BISH 1931-11-22
103 Ceodes brunoniana Volcano, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Hawaii BISH 1908-09-01
104 Ceodes brunoniana Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-01
105 Ceodes brunoniana Mokuleia FR Preserved_Specimen Davis, H. Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
106 Ceodes brunoniana Hamakua Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Maui BISH
107 Ceodes brunoniana Kilauea region, Kipuka Puaulu (Bird Park) Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3252 Hawaii BISH 1938-09-13
108 Ceodes brunoniana Volcanoes Nat'l Park, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6316 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-08
109 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Makawao Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8507 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
110 Ceodes brunoniana East, Oopuola Gulch near Kailua at Hwy. to hana, 20.9° N 156.2 ° W Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620420036 Maui BISH 1962-04-20
111 Ceodes brunoniana East Maui, Makawao Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8507 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
112 Ceodes brunoniana Kapapala, Kau Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 409 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-08
113 Ceodes brunoniana Kapapala, Kau Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 409 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-08
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